An international group of environmental philosophers and educators propose ways universities can produce and promote ecological literacy and environmental ethics.

This work adopts H. Kelsen’s concept of legal system, proposes a formal definition for such notion, and introduces an operational semantical framework for legal systems that are situated in agent societies. Agent societies are defined. Relevant formal properties of situated legal systems are discussed; the way they are exposed in the operational semantical framework is explained, and their truth formally proved. Also, for the sake of a better understanding of the legal-theoretic assumptions of the paper, recurring issues regarding Kelsen’s theory (...) of law are briefly reviewed. They are put in confrontation with the points of view of R. Dworkin, H. Hart, and J. Raz, and an attempt is made to clarify them from the perspective of the provided formalization. A brief case study in agent-based modeling and simulation of public policy processes is presented, as an illustration of the way of using situated legal systems, and the proposed operational semantical framework, in a practical application. (shrink)

This article discusses J.R.R. Tolkien's understanding of fantasy as a literary genre in light of his essay On Fairy Stories. It addresses key concepts of the essay that are of great importance for a broader understanding of the author's creative process and his views on the importance of fantasy stories for society. Among the concepts discussed in this analysis are Tolkien's ideas of sub-creation, secondary world, inner consistency of reality, as well as his views on Recovery, Escape, and Consolation, which (...) he believed to be the main functions of fantasy. Finally, the concept of Fäerie, which is probably the most important term in the author's lexicon and key to his theory and practice, is also discussed in this work.Keywords: Fäerie. Fantasy Literature. J. R. R. Tolkien. On Fairy Stories. (shrink)

This chapter describes the potential far‐reaching consequences of contemplative higher education for the fields of science and medicine.

Lærdom der lyser -- Calderón : livet er en drøm -- Carl von Linné : Nemesis Divina -- Friedrich Schlegel -- Grundtvig og Kierkegaard -- F.C. Sibbern : meddelelser af indholdet af et skrift fra aar 2135 -- Sjælens triumf -- Fantasiens Janushoved : den historiske roman og fremtidsvisionen -- Når oldtid bliver til nutid -- Angsten der helbreder : David Lodge og Kierkegaard som terapeut.

Il gruppo riveste una grande importanza nella crescita del singolo. I valori sociali si strutturano e consolidano attraverso i processi di socializzazione, la formazione di un legame emozionale tra individuo e società, e l’interiorizzazione delle norme, processi e legami questi che si danno nel gruppo. L’articolo offre un’analisi delle fasi, le dinamiche e i percorsi che si danno nello sviluppo del gruppo di animazione, con lo scopo di offrire agli educatori uno strumento valido per l’educazione dei ragazzi. A questo riguardo, (...) in un primo momento, viene analizzata la ricerca fatta dall’individuo per essere accettato all’interno del gruppo quale motivazione primaria per la formazione del gruppo. In seguito, l’articolo si propone di studiare la nascita del gruppo come insieme teso al fare. Infine, verrà preso in considerazione il come si determina la creazione di legami interpersonali da dove sorgono i valori sociali. (shrink)

In der holländischen Umgangssprache hat das Wort « Humor » eine wenig bestimmte Bedeutung. Es schliesst das Komische und allen Arten von Witz und Schertz ein. Diese Vieldeutigkeit ist zum Teile begründet in dem schillernden Charakter des humoristischen Phänomens. In der jetzigen Untersuchung befragen wir den Humor auf seinen wesentlichen Gehalt. Solche Analyse des Humors soll sich nicht von vornherein zu einem ästhetischen, psychologischen, ethischen oder soziologischen Ausgangspunkt entschliessen ; wir versuchen den Humor phänomenologisch gegen ihn verwandte Erscheinungen abzugrenzen. Zunächst (...) befragen wir den « Geist » des geistreichen Witzes. Dieser Geist, von den Französen Esprit genannt, ist der « Geist des Komischen », in dem Sinne, dass in ihm einer der Wesenszüge des Komischen seine letzte Vervollkommnung findet. Der geistreiche Witz ist ein intellektualistisch kühles Spiel mit Wert und Gegenwert ; er enthüllt plötzlich und ohne Mitgefühl ein Paradoxen. In dem Hinweis auf das Absurde liegt seine Affinität zum Humor. Der Humor ist aber weniger nüchtern, nicht so zugespitzt, sondern gemütlicher und freundlicher. Der Esprit führt nicht zum herzlichen Lachen, weil er das Gemüt nicht berührt. Eine Analyse des Lachens zeigt uns dieses Phänomen als eine Krise des Verhaltens . Lachen ist die Kapitulation einer Person vor der Unmöglichkeit eines Kontrastes, das dem Verhalten keinen Halt bietet. Im Lachen verlieren wir unsere Haltung und Selbstbeherrschung. Gerade diese Explosivität des Lachens ist es, die dem Humor abgeht. Der Lacher macht sich keine Sorge um den Wert, den er verlacht ; er lacht schlechtweg, weil der Kontrast zwischen der Erscheinung und ihrer Norm ihn dazu veranlasst. Der lachende Mensch sieht nicht, dass der lächerliche Kontrast in einer tieferen Diskrepanz begründet ist : in der Diskrepanz zwischen dem realen Sein und der idealen Norm des Menschen. Es ist vor allem der tragische Blick, der diese fundamentale Diskrepanz entdeckt. Der tragische Mensch geht eben an diesem Wissen zugrunde. Seine Auseinandersetzung mit der Welt und mit sich selbst entfaltet sich in der Verstimmung, in der Einsamkeit und Trostlosigkeit. Es gelingt dem tragischen Menschen nicht, sich im Lachen von der Zerrissenheit der Existenz zu distanzieren. Das Lachen bietet dem Lachenden die Möglichkeit, Abstand zum Kontrast zu gewinnen. Es kann daher als Zugang zum Humor fungieren, der die Diskrepanz erkennt, sie aber im Gegensatz zum Tragischen, heiter relativiert. Der Humor spricht vom Absurden ohne Feindseligkeit oder Trauer, aber auch ohne Ausgelassenheit. Er hüllt sich jedoch nicht in der Indifferenz. Der Humor findet sich in einer gehobenen Stimmung beheimatet, und er verhält sich sympathisch zum Mitmenschen und zur Existenz. Sein Zeichen ist daher das Lächeln, diese Mim ik des Geistes , eine harmlose Gebärde, die eine Suspension der inneren Haltung wie der äusseren Aktivität verrät. Der humoristisch gestimmte Mensch enthält sich von jeder Stellungnahme ; mit Vergnügen zeigt er auf die Widersinnigkeit des Lebens hin, ohne sich mit dieser auseinanderzusetzen. Er verweigert sich, den andern Menschen bei seiner schwachen Stelle zu nehmen. Der Humor beabsichtigt also keinen Zweck. Er blüht auf wie ein Geschenk des zufriedenen Zumuteseins. Er zeigt den Menschen im Spiel mit seinem eigenen paradoxalen Dasein. Seiner Neutralität wegen, und der darin implizierten Ambiguität, ist Humor so schwierig zu fassen. Der für den Humor unzugängliche Zuhörer ist ja immer dazu geneigt, ihn aus einer bestimmten Haltung zu deuten, und sucht also im Humor Urteil oder Angriff, Mitleid oder Schertz. Der Humor setzt sich nicht mit den stellungnehmenden Anderen auseinander, er ist nicht in der Alltäglichkeit der Auseinandersetzung und des Gespräches zu Hause, sondern fordert den Mitmenschen auf zu einem gemeinsamen Blick auf den Kontrast, seine Tiefe und seine Relativität. Gerade deshalb fassen der religiöse und der tragische Mensch ihn als einen leichtsinnigen Schertz auf, der sich dem Ernste des Lebens entzieht. Sie haben dann eben nicht verstanden, dass das Wesen des Humors in seiner Feinheit und Zartheit liegt. Diese Feinheit ist die Feinheit einer Grenze. Es ist das Wesen des Humors, sich auf der Grenze zwischen dem Komischen und dem Tragischen zu befinden. Der Humor weder lacht noch weint, er lächelt froh über die Paradoxalität des Daseins. Darum ist er auch ungenügsam als dauernde Lebenshaltung. (shrink)

1. Digteren og tænkeren -- 2. Filosoffen og teologen -- 3. Prædikanten, kirkestormeren og autobiografen -- 4. Indledninger og tekstforklaringer.

Our goal was to explore self‐care practices among men who have sex with men in the context of Mpox in Brazil. This study used qualitative research methods, including interviews and thematic analysis, to collect and analyze data from male participants across the Brazilian territory. The narratives unveil men's perspectives on self‐care, risk reduction, and health beliefs during the Mpox pandemic. Our findings highlight a multifaceted approach to self‐care among men, encompassing hygiene, physical contact management, mask usage, skin lesion vigilance, and (...) adherence to official guidelines. Men's attitudes toward sexual behaviors emphasize the importance of reducing sexual partners, practicing safe sex, and combating misinformation through accurate information dissemination. The development of these behaviors and self‐care practices can be facilitated by nurses guided by Dorothea Orem's Self‐Care Theory, supported by patient‐centered care, with strategies to address and confront the stigma associated with the disease and provide emotional support. Thus, the study underscores the pivotal role of self‐care in mitigating infection risks, especially in the context of emerging infectious diseases. It acknowledges the impact of socio‐cultural factors and healthcare policies on men's preventive measures. However, it also recognizes limitations, such as potential bias due to stigma concerns and a nonrepresentative sample. Ultimately, the research advocates for tailored education, promotion of gender equity, and healthcare empowerment to effectively manage health risks in such contexts. (shrink)

1. Digteren og kunstkritikeren.--2. Filosoffen og teologen.--3. Prædikanten, kirkestormeren og autobiografen.--4. Indledninger og tekstforklaringer.

We first show that a theorem by Cartan that generalizes the Frobenius integrability theorem allows us (given certain conditions) to obtain noncurvature solutions for the differential Bianchi conditions and for higher-degree similar relations. We then prove that there is no algorithmic procedure to determine, for a reasonable restricted algebra of functions on spacetime, whether a given connection form satisfies the preceding conditions. A parallel result gives a version of Gödel's first incompleteness theorem within an (axiomatized) theory of gauge fields.

Nos três problemas preambulares e nas primeiras lições do Commentarium in De anima atribuído a Pedro Hispano, o autor: 1) discute a possibilidade de urna ciência da alma; 2) compara a ciência da alma com as outras ciências naturais; 3) identifica o método da ciência da alma. Daí emerge uma fundamentação da "ciência da alma" como "ciência do homem" e um modelo de organização das ciências, tendencialmente coincidente com a organização do corpus aristotélico, mas com a reivindicação da superioridade da (...) Ciência da alma por razões gnosiológicas. (shrink)

A cross-cultural survey experiment revealed a dominant tendency to rely on a rule’s letter over its spirit when deciding which behaviors violate the rule. This tendency varied markedly across (k = 15) countries, owing to variation in the impact of moral appraisals on judgments of rule violation. Compared with laypeople, legal experts were more inclined to disregard their moral evaluations of the acts altogether and consequently exhibited stronger textualist tendencies. Finally, we evaluated a plausible mechanism for the emergence of textualism: (...) in a two-player coordination game, incentives to coordinate in the absence of communication reinforced participants’ adherence to rules’ literal meaning. Together, these studies (total n = 5,794) help clarify the origins and allure of textualism, especially in the law. Within heterogeneous communities in which members diverge in their moral appraisals involving a rule’s purpose, the rule’s literal meaning provides a clear focal point—an identifiable point of agreement enabling coordinated interpretation among citizens, lawmakers, and judges. (shrink)

The current study is a pilot trial to examine the effects of a nonelective, classroom-based, teacher-implemented, mindfulness meditation intervention on standard clinical measures of mental health and affect in middle school children. A total of 101 healthy sixth-grade students (55 boys, 46 girls) were randomized to either an Asian history course with daily mindfulness meditation practice (intervention group) or an African history course with a matched experiential activity (active control group). Self-reported measures included the Youth Self Report (YSR), a modified (...) Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Measure –Revised. Both groups decreased significantly on clinical syndrome subscales and affect but did not differ in the extent of their improvements. Meditators were significantly less likely to develop suicidal ideation or thoughts of self-harm than controls. These results suggest that mindfulness training may yield both unique and non-specific benefits that are shared by other novel activities. (shrink)

A tradução de textos filosóficos constitui um elemento central, embora geralmente negligenciado, da constituição do campo filosófico em cada época e dentro de uma determinada tradição lingüística. As traduções, antes de tudo, contribuem para a formação e a renovação do corpo de conceitos sem os quais não há pensamento articulado, nem especulação, nem a emergência do novo. A Idade Média, especialmente com as traduções arabo-latinas e greco-latinas dos séculos XII-XIII, fornece-nos uma poderosa ilustração do contributo das traduções para. a formação (...) do léxico filosófico e sobretudo para a renovação literária e científica da filosofia. Nesses séculos não assistimos apenas à recepção de uma biblioteca até aí desconhecida em latim, mas sobretudo à constituição de uma rica e dinâmica reserva de conceitos. É sob o impulso das traduções que se abre e se constitui no final da Idade Média outra tradição filosófica, no interior da qual germinarão, também por via de tradução para as novas línguas latinas e anglo-saxónicas, as múltiplas linhagens filosóficas modernas e contemporâneas. (shrink)

Traduçáo do original alemáo: Schelling, F. W. J. "Einleitung zu dem Entwurf eines Systems der Naturphilosophie oder über den Begriff der speculativen Physik und die innere Organisation eines Systems dieser Wissenschaft". In: Schelling, K. F. A. (Org.). Sämmtliche Werke. 14 Bdn. 1 Abt. I-X; 2 Abt. I-IV, Stuttgart/Augsburg: Cota, 1856-1861.

The US neutrino community gathered at the Workshop on the Intermediate Neutrino Program at Brookhaven National Laboratory February 4-6, 2015 to explore opportunities in neutrino physics over the next five to ten years. Scientists from particle, astroparticle and nuclear physics participated in the workshop. The workshop examined promising opportunities for neutrino physics in the intermediate term, including possible new small to mid-scale experiments, US contributions to large experiments, upgrades to existing experiments, R&D plans and theory. The workshop was organized into (...) two sets of parallel working group sessions, divided by physics topics and technology. Physics working groups covered topics on Sterile Neutrinos, Neutrino Mixing, Neutrino Interactions, Neutrino Properties and Astrophysical Neutrinos. Technology sessions were organized into Theory, Short-Baseline Accelerator Neutrinos, Reactor Neutrinos, Detector R&D and Source, Cyclotron and Meson Decay at Rest sessions.This report summarizes discussion and conclusions from the workshop. (shrink)